Nanomaterial-based strategies have emerged as powerful tools for improving stem cell therapy outcomes in regenerative medicine.
This review examines how nanomaterials influence stem cell differentiation, proliferation, and imaging performance through their physicochemical properties and mechanistic interactions with cellular microenvironments.
Key classes of nanomaterials, including carbon-based nanostructures, metallic nanoparticles, polymeric carriers, and ceramic scaffolds, are analysed with respect to synthesis, characterisation, and biological activity.
Evidence across neurogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, and cardiomyogenic differentiation demonstrates that nanoscale surface chemistry, topography, and electrical conductivity modulate lineage commitment through signalling pathways such as MAPK, Wnt, and integrin-mediated cascades.
In addition, nanomaterial-assisted imaging techniques enable non-invasive tracking of stem cell fate.
Green synthesis approaches and translational considerations are discussed to highlight future clinical prospects.
Overall, nanomaterials provide multifunctional platforms that enhance both therapeutic precision and diagnostic capability in stem cell-based interventions.
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Cell viability and proliferation were determined by live (green) and dead (red) and CCK-8 assays. After cell seeding for 24 h, MC3T3-E1 cells were analyzed using CCK-8 solution and stained using live and dead staining to evaluate cell viability. (a) Live and dead staining following treatment with various SeNP concentrations. (b) The relative cell viability of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured in different concentrations of SeNPs. (c) Live and dead staining following treatment with various SeNP concentrations and H2O2. (d) Cell viability of MC3T3-E1 cells treated with various concentrations of SeNPs and H2O2. The statistical significance of (b) was calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and (d) was calculated using two-way ANOVA followed by a two-sided Dunnett’s multiple comparison test compared to control (CTL) (scale bar = 350 μm). Represents p < 0.05, * p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, # is compared with SeNPs and H2O2-untreated groups. # Represents p < 0.05, #### p < 0.0001; n = 4. Reproduced under CC BY 4.0
